One of the most extensively studied imprinting\associated lncRNAs in malignancy is (is located in an imprinted region of chromosome 11 near the (was found to be a lncRNA which plays a critical role in choriocarcinoma67 and bladder malignancy.68 However, in metastatic prostate cancer, has a tumor suppressive role by repressing the effects WZB117 of (and increased miR\675 levels and repressed cell migration. that overexpression of may modulate AR signaling in tumor cells. Knockdown of prospects to partial upregulation of epithelial markers such as E\cadherin, claudin\3 and cytokeratin\18, and downregulation of the mesenchymal marker vimentin.19 also regulates the expression of important cancer\related genes involved in apoptosis, angiogenesis, signal transduction, cell adhesion and mitogen\activated kinase kinase 1.19 In addition, a working model of has been proposed, in which acts as a dominant\negative WZB117 oncogene that downregulates the unrecognized tumor suppressor (gene, through a process that involves RNA editing by the formation of double\stranded RNA.20 Combination of urinary and fusion gene can increase specificity in prostate cancer diagnosis compared with serum PSA, and has the potential to substantially reduce unnecessary prostate biopsies. (Functions of lncRNAs in prostate malignancy and recommendations are summarized in Table 1 and Fig. ?Fig.22). Open in a separate window Physique 2 Epigenetic mechanisms of long non\coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in prostate malignancy. Summary of functional functions of lncRNAs in prostate malignancy is shown. ARE, androgen response element; ARGs, androgen responsive NOS2A genes; BRCA2, breast malignancy susceptibility gene 2; CDH1, E\cadherin; CLDN3, claudin\3; CTBP1\AS, C\terminal binding protein 1 antisense transcript; EMT, epithelial to mesenchymal transition; HAT, histone acetyl transferase; HDAC, histone deacetylase; KRT18, cytokeratin\18; MALAT1, metastasis\associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1; PCAT1, prostate malignancy\associated ncRNA transcript 1; PRC2, polycomb repressive complex 2; SChLAP1, second chromosome locus\associated with prostate\1; SWI/SNF, switch\sucrose non\fermentable; VIM, vimentin. Table 1 LncRNAs implicated in PCa knockdown. Overexpression associated with poor prognosis 32, 33 levels and mTOR inhibitor action 62, 63, 64 represses cell migration. H19\derived miR\675 targets TGF1 to repress cell migration 69 expression correlated with poor prognostic outcomes. Overexpression suppresses cell growth and metastasis 43 Open in a separate windows AR, androgen receptor; BRCA2, breast malignancy susceptibility gene 2; CRPC, castration\resistant prostate malignancy; CTBP1, C\terminal binding protein 1; EZH2, enhancer of zeste homolog 2; (interacts with Switch\Sucrose Non\Fermentable (SWI/SNF) complex for chromatin remodeling, counteracting the tumor\suppressor effects of SWI/SNF.21 Analysis of expression by ISH showed that this lncRNA independently predicts biochemical recurrence after radical prostatectomy.23 Furthermore, expression also correlated with prostate malignancy lethal progression, which makes this lncRNA a useful tissue\based biomarker for identifying PCa patients at higher risk of CRPC progression.24 (inhibited PC3 cellular proliferation and invasion, and WZB117 increased apoptosis.25 was WZB117 easily detected in all prostate cancer samples with different Gleason scores (6C10) in an RNA chromogenic ISH assay.25 Prostate cancer specificity and easy detection with standard clinical staining procedures of tissue samples makes this lncRNA a useful candidate as a diagnostic biomarker. (was also overexpressed in other human cancers, including breast, pancreas, colon, prostate, and liver cancers.27, 28 In prostate malignancy, overexpression was associated with indicators of poor prognosis such as high Gleason score, higher tumor\node\metastasis stage and serum PSA 20 ng/mL, and its expression was significantly higher in CRPC than in hormone\sensitive prostate malignancy. 29 In a study comparing the expression of in urinary samples WZB117 of biopsy\positive and biopsy\unfavorable prostate malignancy patients, this lncRNA was significantly higher in biopsy\positive samples, 30 suggesting that urinary may be a encouraging diagnostic biomarker. Furthermore, using EZH2 antibody\based RNA immunoprecipitation coupled with high throughput sequencing analysis, it was exhibited that binds to EZH2.31 It was indicated that plays a crucial role in EZH2\enhanced migration and invasion in CRPC cell lines, and a positive correlation between and EZH2 has been documented.31 (gene that is overexpressed in prostate malignancy.32 High was associated with poor prognosis and knockdown led to prostate malignancy cell apoptosis and activation of the gene. Microarray analysis was carried out using.