In our current study therefore, we assessed whether group 2 ILCs are involved in the skin inflammation induced by epicutaneous exposure to mold, specifically (and C57BL/6 mice were purchased from Jackson Laboratory (Bar Harbor, ME, USA). study investigated whether group 2 ILCs are involved in inflammation in AD-like skin induced by (extracts were applied to the dorsal skin of BALB/c and mice lacking mature lymphocytes, AD-like skin lesions were still induced by and ILCs depletion using an anti-CD90.2 mAb lowered the mice, group 2 ILCs were identified as a source of type 2 cytokines in the skin Rabbit Polyclonal to MUC13 in a murine model of AD,5 and IL-33 was found to induce group 2 ILCs.11 Even in human skin, group 2 ILCs play a pivotal role in skin inflammation in AD through IL-33 dependent and/or IL-33 independent thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) pathways.5,10 Although previous studies have identified mold exposure as a factor associated with the development of AD, studies CHMFL-BTK-01 on the mechanisms underlying this relationship are lacking.12,13 extracts have been shown to induce group 2 ILCs in mouse lungs but there have been no prior studies on epicutaneous mold-induced group 2 ILCs in a murine CHMFL-BTK-01 model of AD. In our current study therefore, we assessed whether group 2 ILCs are involved in the skin inflammation induced by epicutaneous exposure to mold, specifically (and C57BL/6 mice were purchased from Jackson Laboratory (Bar Harbor, ME, USA). antigen was purchased from Greer (Lenoir, NC, USA). All animal experiments were performed in the specific pathogen-free (SPF) facility. To induce AD-like skin inflammation 40 g of extract was epicutaneously applied daily to a 1 cm2 area on the shaved dorsal surface for five consecutive days (days 0C4). This procedure was repeated twice with 2-week intervals. Control group mice were treated with normal saline. Antibody treatment The isotype control (LTF-2) and anti-CD90.2 mAb (30H12) were purchased from Bio X Cell (West Lebanon, NH, USA). mice were administrated intraperitoneally (i.p.) every 2 days at a dose of 30 g/mouse starting in the 2nd period of application. Clinical parameters The clinical scores of the skin lesions were assessed by a single investigator on days 0, 5, and 24. Dryness, scaling, erosion, excoriation, and hemorrhage were scored as 0 (absent), 1 (mild), 2 (moderate), and 3 (severe) with the sums of these CHMFL-BTK-01 items defined as the clinical scores (maximum score, 15). Epidermal permeability barrier function was evaluated by measuring transepidermal water loss (TEWL) using a Vapometer? SWL-3 (Delfin Technologies Ltd., Kuopio, Finland). Cell preparation and culture Skin lymph nodes (LNs) were dissected immediately after sacrifice and kept on ice in RPMI-1640 media (Gibco, Grand Island, NY, USA) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS; HyClone, Logan, UT, USA) and 1% penicillin/streptomycin (Gibco). Cell suspensions were obtained by pressing the LNs through a cell strainer (40 m) (SPL Life Science, Pocheon, Korea) and counted using a hemocytometer at 4 106 cells/mL. The LN cells were then cultured in the presence of (50 g/mL) at 37C CHMFL-BTK-01 for 3 days and their supernatants were stored at ?80C. Histological examination of the skin Skin samples were fixed with 10% formalin, embedded in paraffin and cut into 5 m thick microsections for staining with hematoxylinCeosin or toluidine blue. Cell counts were calculated as the mean of eight random fields on each slide (magnification, 400). Measurement of cytokines and immunoglobulins Cell suspensions were obtained by pressing the LNs through a 40 m cell strainer and then cultured with (50 g/mL) in RPMI-1640 media supplemented with 10% FBS and 1% penicillin/streptomycin (Gibco) for 3 days. The IL-13, interferon (IFN)-, IL-17A levels in the LNs cell culture supernatants were measured using ELISA Ready-SET-Go!? (eBioscience, San Diego, CA, USA) according to the manufacturer’s instruction. Total serum immunoglobulin E (IgE) concentrations were measured using the BD OptEIA ELISA set (BD Biosciences, San Jose, CA, USA) according to the manufacturer’s instruction. 0.05, 0.01, and 0.001. Ethics statement All animal procedures were performed in accordance with the guidelines of the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) of Asan Medical Center and Ulsan University College of Medicine. The IACUC abides by the Institute of Laboratory Animal Resources (ILAR) guide (Permit number: 2014-12-064). RESULTS Epicutaneous application of extract induced AD-like skin inflammation Epicutaneous exposure to extract was shown to induce AD-like skin lesions in mice, with patches containing extract.14 To mimic exposure to mold in daily life, an extract, one of the most commonly encountered species of mold,15 was applied to the dorsal skin of mouse without patches (Fig. 1A). Open in a separate window Fig. 1 BALB/c mouse model of extract (40 g) was epicutaneously applied to the dorsal skin of the mice for five consecutive days, with a 2-week interval before a second series of applications for 5 days. (B) Macroscopic cutaneous manifestations in the normal saline-control and = 0.05, ** 0.01, and *** 0.001 compared CHMFL-BTK-01 with the control group. The 0.01, respectively). Histopathologic examination of the lesional.